Potassium gluconate

Identification

Summary

Potassium gluconateis a potassium supplement indicated in the treatment and prevention of hypokalemia.

Generic Name

Potassium gluconate

DrugBank Accession Number

DB13620

Background

Potassium gluconate is a salt ofPotassium cation和由美国食品和药物管理局列为食品添加剂⁷. It is also used as a potassium supplement¹⁰.

Potassium is an essential nutrient. It is the most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid, where it plays a key role in maintaining cell function¹.

In dietary supplements, potassium is often present as potassium chloride, but many other forms—including potassium citrate, phosphate, aspartate, bicarbonate, andgluconate—are also used⁵. Potassium gluconate is believed to be more palatable and non-acidifying than potassium chloride (KCl)¹¹.

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved

Structure

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MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Similar Structures

Structure for Potassium gluconate (DB13620)

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Weight

Average: 234.245
Monoisotopic: 234.01418418

Chemical Formula

C₆H₁₁KO₇

Synonyms

• potassium D-gluconate
• Potassium gluconate

External IDs

• E-577
• INS NO.577
• INS-577

Pharmacology

Indication

Because of potassium’s wide-ranging roles in the body, low intakes can increase the risk of illness⁸.

Potassium supplements are indicated to prevent hypokalemia in patients who would be at particular risk if hypokalemia were to develop (e.g., digitalis treated patients with significant cardiac arrhythmias). Potassium deficiency occurs when the rate of loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract is higher than the rate of potassium intake. In addition to serving as a preventative supplement, potassium gluconate also serves as a treatment for decreased potassium levels⁸,⁴,¹⁰.

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Associated Conditions

• Potassium deficiency

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Potassium is an essential nutrient. It is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid, where it plays a key role in maintaining cell function, especially in excitable cells such as skeletal muscles, the heart, and nerves³. Increases in interstitial potassium play an important role in eliciting rapid vasodilation, allowing for blood flow to increase in exercising muscle¹³.

Mechanism of action

Potassium is the most abundant cation (approximately 150 to 160 mEq per liter) within human cells. Intracellular sodium content is relatively low. In the extracellular fluid, sodium predominates and the potassium content is low (3.5 to 5 mEq per liter). A membrane-bound enzyme, sodium-potassium–activated adenosinetriphosphatase (Na +K +ATPase), actively transports or pumps sodium out and potassium into cells to maintain the concentration gradients. The intracellular to extracellular potassium gradients are necessary for nerve impulse signaling in such specialized tissues as the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle, and for the maintenance of physiologic renal function and maintenance of acid-base balance. High intracellular potassium concentrations are necessary for numerous cellular metabolic processes⁸.

Intracellular K+ serves as a reservoir to limit the fall in extracellular potassium concentrations occurring under pathologic conditions with loss of potassium from the body¹³.

Absorption

Potassium is rapidly and well absorbed. A 2016 dose-response trial found that humans absorb about 94% of potassium gluconate in supplements, and this absorption rate is similar to that of potassium from potatoes².

Volume of distribution

Distribution is largely intracellular, but it is the intravascular concentration that is primarily responsible for toxicity⁶.

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Not Available

Route of elimination

90% of potassium is eliminated via the kidneys. A small amount is eliminated in feces and sweat⁶.

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

钾是肾小球滤过的自由the kidney. The majority of filtered potassium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. Less than 10% of the filtered load reaches the distal nephron. In the proximal tubule of the nephron, potassium absorption is mainly passive and proportional to Na+ and water. K+ reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle occurs through both transcellular and paracellular pathways. The transcellular component is regulated by potassium transport on the apical membrane Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter. The secretion of potassium begins in the early distal convoluted tubule of the nephron and progressively increases along the distal nephron into the cortical collecting duct. Most urinary K+ can be accounted for by electrogenic K+ secretion mediated by principal cells in the initial collecting duct and the cortical collecting duct. An electroneutral K+ and Cl− cotransport mechanism is also present on the apical surface of the distal nephron. Under conditions of potassium deficiency, reabsorption of the cation occurs in the collecting duct. This process is regulated by the upregulation in the apically located H+-K+-ATPase on α-intercalated cells¹³.

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

交流ute oral toxicity (LD50): 9100 mg/kg in the mouse^MSDS

Toxicity from overdose is rare but may result from intentional ingestion of potassium. Iatrogenic overdoses may occur⁶.

Local irritation after ingestion causes GI upset. Severe hyperkalemia after large IV or oral overdoses causes muscular dysfunction including weakness, paralysis, cardiac dysrhythmias, and rarely death⁶.

Mild to moderate toxicity

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, paresthesias, and muscle cramps are common. Rarely, gastrointestinal bleed may occur.

Severe toxicity

In severe toxicity, muscular weakness progressing to paralysis may occur. Cardiac arrhythmia often occur at concentrations greater than 8 mEq/L and death from cardiac arrest at concentrations of 9 to 12 mEq/L or higher. Characteristic ECG findings occur in the following order: peaked T waves, QRS complex blends into the T wave, PR interval prolongation, P wave is lost and ST segments depress, merging S and T waves, and finally, sine waves. The presence of the sine wave is a near terminal event, signaling that hemodynamic collapse and cardiac arrest are near. As serum hyperkalemia is corrected towards normal concentrations, the ECG changes resolve in reverse order⁶.

Pathways

Not Available

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Interactions

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This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

• Approved
• Vet approved
• Nutraceutical
• Illicit
• Withdrawn
• Investigational
• Experimental
• All Drugs

Drug	Interaction
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交流ebutolol	Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Acebutolol.
交流eclofenac	Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Aceclofenac.
交流emetacin	Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Acemetacin.
交流etylsalicylic acid	Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Acetylsalicylic acid.
Alclofenac	Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Alclofenac.
Aliskiren	Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Aliskiren.
Amiloride	The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium gluconate is combined with Amiloride.
Aminophenazone	Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Aminophenazone.
Amiodarone	Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Amiodarone.
Amlodipine	Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Amlodipine.

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Food Interactions

No interactions found.

Products

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International/Other Brands

Gluconsan-K

Over the Counter Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Kaon	Elixir	4.68 g / 15 mL	Oral	Pfizer Canada Ulc	1995-12-31	2006-08-02
Potassium 99 - Caplet	Tablet	99 mg	Oral	Health Wise Nutrition Inc.	1995-12-31	2002-07-18
Potassium Gluconate Tab 550mg USP	Tablet	92 mg / tab	Oral	Pharmavite	1991-12-31	2000-08-24
Potassium Gluconate Tablets 99mg USP	Tablet	99 mg / tab	Oral	Royal Bodycare Canada Inc.	1992-12-31	2001-08-07
Potassium Rougier	Liquid	780 mg / 15 mL	Oral	Rougier Pharma Division Of Ratiopharm Inc	1965-12-31	2001-09-05
Potassium Tab 8.3mg	Tablet	50 mg / tab	Oral	Bio Vita	1987-12-31	1996-09-09
Potassium Tab 99mg	Tablet	99 mg	Oral	Rheingold Food International Ltd.	1985-12-31	2007-07-26

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Cal-mag Plus K, Mn and Zn Caplets	Potassium gluconate(5 mg / tab)+Calcium carbonate(175 mg / tab)+Magnesium oxide(87.5 mg / tab)+Manganese gluconate(2.5 mg / tab)+Zinc oxide(2.5 mg / tab)	Tablet	Oral	Health Wise Nutrition Inc.	1994-12-31	1999-08-13
Flexadyn Tab	Potassium gluconate(50 mg / tab)+Copper gluconate(.1 mg / tab)+Cyanocobalamin(100 mcg / tab)+Magnesium carbonate(100 mg / tab)+Pyridoxine hydrochloride(50 mg / tab)+Vitamin A(1000 unit / tab)	Tablet	Oral	Nutri Dyn Products Ltd.	1976-12-31	1996-09-09
Formula BP	Potassium gluconate(15 mg / tab)+Magnesium(10 mg / tab)+Manganese(5 mg / tab)+Pyridoxine hydrochloride(33.3 mg / tab)	Tablet	Oral	Nutrivention Nutritional Products	Not applicable	Not applicable
Iode-potassium	Potassium gluconate(75 mg)+Potassium Iodide(0.15 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Gamme Nature	1999-12-30	2004-07-26
Men's Multi Master Formula	Potassium gluconate(1.6 mg)+Biotin(50 mcg)+Calcium ascorbate(200 mg)+Cholecalciferol(200 unit)+Choline bitartrate(25 mg)+Chromic chloride(19.5 mcg)+Copper gluconate(1 mg)+Cyanocobalamin(20 mcg)+Folic acid(0.20 mg)+Inositol(25 mg)+Iodine(0.15 mg)+Manganese gluconate(0.5 mg)+Nicotinamide(50 mg)+Calcium pantothenate(30 mg)+Pyridoxine hydrochloride(30 mg)+Riboflavin(30 mg)+Sodium selenite(50 mcg)+Thiamine hydrochloride(30 mg)+Vitamin A palmitate(3500 unit)+Zinc gluconate(10 mg)+艾尔pha-Tocopherol succinate(100 unit)	Tablet	Oral	Pro Ma Systems	1998-10-31	2008-07-04
Multivitamins and Minerals for Young Men	Potassium gluconate(3.75 mg / tab)+Ascorbic acid(37.5 mg / tab)+Beta carotene(2500 unit / tab)+Biotin(6.25 mcg / tab)+Calcium Phosphate(80 mg / tab)+Calcium Phosphate(62.5 mg / tab)+Cholecalciferol(100 unit / tab)+Choline bitartrate(6.25 mg / tab)+Cyanocobalamin(6.25 mcg / tab)+Folic acid(0.2 mg / tab)+Inositol(6.25 mg / tab)+Magnesium oxide(25 mg / tab)+Manganese gluconate(0.5 mg / tab)+Niacin(6.25 mg / tab)+Calcium pantothenate(6.25 mg / tab)+Potassium Iodide(0.025 mg / tab)+Pyridoxine hydrochloride(5.25 mg / tab)+Racemethionine(6.25 mg / tab)+Riboflavin(6.25 mg / tab)+Thiamine hydrochloride(5 mg / tab)+Vitamin E(12.5 unit / tab)+Zinc citrate(2.5 mg / tab)	Tablet	Oral	Quest Vitamins A Div Of Purity Life Health Products	2001-01-31	2004-06-29
Multivitamins and Minerals for Young Women	Potassium gluconate(3.75 mg / tab)+Ascorbic acid(37.5 mg / tab)+Beta carotene(2500 unit / tab)+Biotin(6.25 mcg / tab)+Calcium Phosphate(80 mg / tab)+Calcium Phosphate(62.5 mg / tab)+Cholecalciferol(100 unit / tab)+Choline bitartrate(6.25 mg / tab)+Copper gluconate(0.5 mg / tab)+Cyanocobalamin(6.25 mcg / tab)+Ferrous fumarate(3.75 mg / tab)+Folic acid(0.2 mg / tab)+Inositol(6.25 mg / tab)+Magnesium oxide(25 mg / tab)+Manganese gluconate(0.5 mg / tab)+Niacin(6.25 mg / tab)+Calcium pantothenate(6.25 mg / tab)+Potassium Iodide(0.025 mg / tab)+Pyridoxine hydrochloride(5.25 mg / tab)+Racemethionine(6.25 mg / tab)+Riboflavin(6.25 mg / tab)+Thiamine hydrochloride(5 mg / tab)+Vitamin E(12.5 unit / tab)+Zinc citrate(2.5 mg / tab)	Tablet	Oral	Quest Vitamins A Div Of Purity Life Health Products	2001-01-31	2004-06-29
Neutral C + Coenzyme Q10 Plus Vitamins & Minerals	Potassium gluconate(3 mg / cap)+Aminobenzoic acid(15 mg / cap)+Calcium ascorbate(320 mg / cap)+Cyanocobalamin(150 mcg / cap)+Folic acid(0.5 mg / cap)+Magnesium oxide(50 mg / cap)+Pyridoxine hydrochloride(25 mg / cap)+Sodium selenite(40 mcg / cap)+Ubidecarenone(10 mg / cap)	Capsule	Oral	New Vision Nutritionals Company	1998-06-07	2002-11-20
Organic Minerals Tablet	Potassium gluconate(30 mg)+Calcium carbonate(333.3 mg)+Chromic chloride(16.66 mcg)+Copper gluconate(0.66 mg)+Ferrous fumarate(6 mg)+Magnesium oxide(133.3 mg)+Manganese gluconate(3.33 mg)+Potassium Iodide(0.05 mg)+Sodium selenite(66.66 mcg)+Sodium molybdate(8.33 mcg)+Zinc gluconate(6.66 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Pharmetics (2011) Inc.	2003-09-20	2009-07-30
Potassium Plus Vit B Complex	Potassium gluconate(450 mg / tab)+Nicotinamide(10 mg / tab)+Calcium pantothenate(2 mg / tab)+Potassium Iodide(100 mcg / tab)+Riboflavin(1.2 mg / tab)+Thiamine hydrochloride(1 mg / tab)	Tablet	Oral	Anabolic Laboratories Inc.	1981-12-31	1996-10-02

Categories

ATC Codes

A12BA05 — Potassium gluconate

• A12BA — Potassium
• A12B — POTASSIUM
• A12 — MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS
• A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM

Drug Categories

• Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
• Mineral Supplements
• Potassium Salt

Chemical TaxonomyProvided byClassyfire

Description

This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic oxygen compounds

Class

Organooxygen compounds

Sub Class

Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates

Direct Parent

Sugar acids and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives/Medium-chain fatty acids/Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives/Hydroxy fatty acids/Monosaccharides/Secondary alcohols/Carboxylic acid salts/Polyols/Carboxylic acids/Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives /Organic oxides/Hydrocarbon derivatives/Organic potassium salts/Organic zwitterions/Carbonyl compounds/Primary alcohols

show 6 more

Substituents

Alcohol/Aliphatic acyclic compound/Beta-hydroxy acid/Carbonyl group/Carboxylic acid/Carboxylic acid derivative/Carboxylic acid salt/Fatty acid/Fatty acyl/Gluconic_acid /Hydrocarbon derivative/Hydroxy acid/Hydroxy fatty acid/Medium-chain fatty acid/Medium-chain hydroxy acid/Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives/Monosaccharide/Organic alkali metal salt/Organic oxide/Organic potassium salt/Organic salt/Organic zwitterion/Polyol/Primary alcohol/Secondary alcohol

show 15 more

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

Not Available

Affected organisms

• Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII

12H3K5QKN9

CAS number

299-27-4

InChI Key

HLCFGWHYROZGBI-JJKGCWMISA-M

InChI

InChI=1S/C6H12O7.K/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;+1/p-1/t2-,3-,4+,5-;/m1./s1

IUPAC Name

potassium (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate

SMILES

[K+].[H][C@@](O)(CO)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O)C([O-])=O

References

General References

1. Stone MS, Martyn L, Weaver CM: Potassium Intake, Bioavailability, Hypertension, and Glucose Control. Nutrients. 2016 Jul 22;8(7). pii: nu8070444. doi: 10.3390/nu8070444. [Article]
2. Macdonald-Clarke CJ, Martin BR, McCabe LD, McCabe GP, Lachcik PJ, Wastney M, Weaver CM: Bioavailability of potassium from potatoes and potassium gluconate: a randomized dose response trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Aug;104(2):346-53. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127225. Epub 2016 Jul 13. [Article]
3. Potassium Gluconate, PubChem [Link]
4. POTASSIPOWDER- potassium gluconate powder [Link]
5. NIH Potassium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals [Link]
6. NIH Toxnet, Potassium [Link]
7. Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) Print Share E-mail [Link]
8. Potassium Supplements (Systemic) [Link]
9. POTASSIUM GLUCONATE [Link]
10. DRUG: Potassium gluconate [Link]
11. Overview: Potassium Gluconate [Link]
12. 补充钾、口腔路线,梅奥诊所(Link]
13. Regulation of Potassium Homeostasis [Link]
14. INVIMA Product Authorization: Ion-K (potassium gluconate) oral solution [Link]

External Links

KEGG Drug

D01298

PubChem Compound

16760467

PubChem Substance

347829307

ChemSpider

8931

RxNav

89903

ChEBI

32032

ChEMBL

CHEMBL2106978

Wikipedia

Potassium_gluconate

MSDS

Download (47.3 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical TrialsLearn More" title="" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
1, 2	Unknown Status	Treatment	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Tablet	Oral
Solution	Oral	31.2 g
Elixir	Oral	4.68 g / 15 mL
Capsule	Oral
Tablet	Oral	99 mg
Tablet	Oral	92 mg / tab
Tablet	Oral	99 mg / tab
Liquid	Oral	780 mg / 15 mL
Tablet	Oral	50 mg / tab
Tablet, extended release	Oral

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	180	MSDS

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	833.0 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	-1.9	ALOGPS
logP	-3.4	Chemaxon
logS	0.55	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	3.39	Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-3	Chemaxon
Physiological Charge	-1	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	7	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	5	Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area	141.28 Å2	Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count	5	Chemaxon
Refractivity	49.11 m3·mol-1	Chemaxon
Polarizability	16.62 Å3	Chemaxon
Number of Rings	0	Chemaxon
Bioavailability	1	Chemaxon
Rule of Five	Yes	Chemaxon
Ghose Filter	No	Chemaxon
Veber's Rule	No	Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	Chemaxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available

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Drug created at June 23, 2017 20:45 / Updated at October 09, 2021 02:49